International Trade Law Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

International Trade Law - Assignment Example The terms were also accepted by the Surflife Company and they replied through an email with their expression of happiness with the terms. Although there was no exchange of any other terms, the two parties could be understood to be in terms of an agreement and involved in a contract. However, the problem had arisen in the delivery on part of the PJ Company owing to a mistake occurred by one of the employees of the company who was responsible for the supply of the goods to the customer. The employee, not following the instructions properly, got the wrong orders ready for shipment and supply. The number of jeans supplied was 12,000 instead of 15,000 and another set of orders were also supplied that the buyer company had never requested for. Moreover he proved to be careless in the packing of the goods that suffered damage later in the process. When the goods were finally delivered to the company, it was delayed and the majority of the goods were destroyed in rain and ill-treatments of t he suppliers. Thus after suffering a huge loss, the company was not willing to pay for the goods to the PJ Company. The question that arises here deals with the rights and obligations of the PJ Company and how the dissatisfaction of the Surflife Company could be addressed and resolved. ... It can be understood in this case that the Surflife Company had ordered the pairs of jeans but had not examined the goods before entering into the contract. The contract of the sale of goods in this context was thus a sale by description. The goods that were delivered to the Surflife Company did not match with the description of the goods stated in the contract by the PJ Company. Hence a violation in the contract could be seen to have occurred and Surflife Company in this scenario had the rights to sue the seller company. Being the seller company and one of the parties to the contract where the order was clearly stated along with the date of delivery and the size of the order, PJ Company had certain rights and obligations in regard to the delivery of goods to the customer. The seller had the rights to dispose of goods if all conditions are not fulfilled on the part of the buyer or owing to other circumstances (sec 25(1)). The seller company might consider the goods to have been deliv ered if the buyer expresses acceptance or if the goods are retained by the buyer company without giving any further notice (sec 24). Moreover, the seller had the rights to supply the goods only when the buyer demanded for it (sec 35) and such goods may also be supplied in installments (sec 39(1)). The seller may keep hold of the goods till the payment procedure is completed (sec 47(1)) and in the process the company might have hindered the process of shipment or transportation of the goods and regain it after payment is done (sec 49(2), sec 50). The goods might also be resold by the seller company depending on circumstances (sec 54). Also, the company could sue the buyer company if the later showed any breach

Assignment Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Assignment - Coursework Example A three-step test was established to determine whether Meiorin encountered direct discrimination or adverse effects of discrimination in her lay-off. The test is designed that determine if on balance of probabilities, prima facie discriminatory is a bona fide occupational requirement (Catano, 2010). First, the arbitrator must have established that aerobic standard is rationally connected to job performance. In this case, the research conducted in establishing the aerobic standards were not substantive since they were descriptive and failed to distinguish between male subjects and female subject (Catano, 2010). Second, the arbitrator should have established that the forest service established the aerobic standard in honest and good faith and was essential for the performance of the job. The government honesty in establishing the standard is not disputed since there was no intention to discriminate Ms Meiorin (Catano, 2010). Third, the arbitrator should have established if the standard is reasonably necessary for the accomplishment of the work-related purposes. This means that it will be impossible to accommodate any individual employee sharing similar characteristics as Meiorin without imposing unnecessary hardship to the forest service (Catano, 2010). In this case, the arbitrator should have established that Meiorin posed significant safety risks to herself and the public. In Meiorin, it is clear that she could have performed her duties efficiently without posing significant risks to herself or the public even without meeting the aerobic standard 9 Catano, 2010). The Supreme Court observed that individual testing of Ms Meiorin did not constitute discrimination, but the government had failed in establishing that the aerobic standard is a minimal requirement to efficiently perform the duties of a firefighter. Aerobic discrimination was a prima facie discrimination and Ms

Compare messages and representations of sex, love and romance across Essay

Compare messages and representations of sex, love and romance across different magazines - Essay Example The images in the covers quite imply sexual messages, peculiar relationships, and gender. The following analyses look into how popular culture sources such as magazines represent issues on relationships. These sources feature salient commonalities. The substantial connection signal the inclination of the present times. In particular, literature such as Glamour, Hilary, and Cosmopolitan magazines focus on practicability, assertiveness, and open-mindedness as foundations of ideal intimacies. Therefore, a good number of popular culture sources embody sex, love, and romance through open, brazen, and mature characterizations that are likewise observed in other features of civilization. Discussion Glamour. One of the famous publications widely read by women is Glamour magazine. In fact, it has editions in other parts of the world such as Mexico, France, Italy, and the United Kingdom. Its issue regarding â€Å"Sex and Love† gives various tips on what men think, dating, relationships, sex, and breakups. Issues target the needs and interests connected to improving affections such as how to please men more. This entails being more active in exploring delicate body parts. For example, one article suggests that men like to be touched in certain sensitive areas such as the butt, neck, ear, feet, and nape (Gold, â€Å"10 Places to Try Touching Him Right Now†). The directness of the subject reflects the empowerment of women when it comes to how they can be the source of pleasure in an intimate relationship. Seemingly, they are given authority and perhaps even the responsibility to adduce gratification in men. This kind of theme may affect readers to be more experimental, bold, and sensitive on how they touch their partners. Furthermore, another article recommends some standards when dating older men. Several of the â€Å"dos† are: to be mature, be oneself, and realize the fact that guys look better with age (Melms, â€Å"The Dos and Don’ts of Dati ng an Older Man). The advices indicate the vulnerability of older men’s egos in a relationship. Hence, it encourages the public to view older partners in a more realistic and mature light. It does not always impose that if the partner is older, he is higher in stature relationship-wise. In a loving relationship, both should have a more or less fair ranking on how they treat each other. Another very thought-provoking classic is on the 7 things that a girl must feel comfortable doing when she is really in love with a guy. These are being able to show one’s anger toward him, letting him know how upset one is because of others, being able to lose control and cry, showing certain insecurities, looking scruffy, getting ill, and being affectionate to other people (Melms, â€Å"Listen Up: It’s Not True Love Unless You’re Doing These 7 Things†). Basically, the sign of true love is knowing and feeling that one can be accepted despite one’s weaknesses. It also implies that relationships should be a home of acceptance, warmth, and confidence. Hilary. Another periodical which proclaims itself to be â€Å"North America’s first and most popular online women’s magazine† is Hilary. Certainly, the publication uses amatory visual cues to evoke sex and romance. The topic is emphasized by the background picture which features a young woman in a suggestive pose. Wearing a revealing black top with matching black

Almarai and Anaam firms Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Almarai and Anaam firms - Essay Example The foregoing data are consistent with the following performance indicators which reflect that Almarai has achieved better profitability levels for the year 2012 as compared to Anaam: Of the two companies, Almarai provided better returns for its shareholders for the year 2012. The following tabulation shows the standard deviation of the two companies: Stock prices of Anaam for 2012 turned out to have higher standard deviation, which peaked in July 2012 at 7.297. Closing at SAR 36.02 in June 2012, Anaam shares went up by SAR 10.32 or 28.65% in July 2012 in response to the approval by the company’s General Assembly of the proposed capital increase which was seen to boost its liquidity and profitability. In comparison, Almarai’s equivalent figures deliver the highest point in March 2012 at 4.271. From its closing price of SAR 60.81 for February 2012, Almarai’s stock rose to SAR 65.84 at the end of March 2012. This may have been the market’s positive reaction to the news declared on 28 March 2012 regarding Almarai’s increased stake in one of its subsidiaries, Global Co. Anaam stock prices are more volatile and, therefore, bring in more risk compared to Almarai’s. Incidentally, the beta figures of the two companies – 0.64 for Almarai and 1.39 for Anaam – consistently reflect that Anaam has more price volatility. 2. Capital Structure There are material differences in the annual levels of indebtedness of Almarai and Anaam for the years 2008 to 2012. Almarai has turned out to be a highly leveraged company, with its long-term debt to equity ratios ranging from 70.13% in 2010 to a high of 96.10% in 2012. This means that Almarai’s creditors have lent the company SAR 96.10 (for 2012) for every SAR 100 invested by the shareholders in the company. In fact, Almarai’s total debt to equity ratio – also called the leverage ratio – has consistently been over 100% from 2008 to 2012, peaking at 150. 31% in 2012. This means that the company’s total liabilities, both current and long-term, is higher than the company’s equity by as much as half of it (equity). It is, thus, not surprising that the total debt to total assets ratios of the company from 2008 to 2012 yield figures above 50%. In the same year when both the long-term debt to equity ratio and the total debt to equity ratio are at their highest during the 5-year period, the total debt to total assets ratio for the year stand out as the highest. By the year 2012, 61.32% of the company’s assets are financed by its creditors. The fact that Almarai is highly leveraged is further demonstrated by a comparison between the company’s leverage ratios and those of the industry that the company belongs to. Almarai’s total debt to equity ratio is 150.31% while the equivalent for the Agriculture and Food Industries Sector is 123.69%. Almarai’s long-term debt to equity ratio is 96.10% as against the Sector’s 56.49%. In the light of the foregoing, it is clear that Almarai has managed to maintain the confidence of its investors and creditors in spite of its high-leverage capital structure. The company has successfully ensured that its cash flows are stable and are capably generating all the cash requirements of its operations and treasury. As cited in the company’s Board Report for the year ended 31 December 2012, it is its efficiently controlled cash flows that have given Almarai access to additional financing

Sociological Imagination and Social Issues Essay Example for Free

Sociological Imagination and Social Issues Essay People are more likely to use psychological arguments to explain why things are they way they are rather than look at the sociological aspect of them. They think that problems happening in their lives are personal and overlook that they may be caused by society (Ferris Stein 13). Sociological imagination challenges people to look at the â€Å"intersection between biography and history† and see the role we each play in society (Mills 1959 and Ferris Stein 13). We must look at how larger social issues are intertwined in with each individual’s life and how society shapes a person. There are many benefits with using the sociological perspective on life and one of the most important ones is obtaining a â€Å"world beyond our own immediate sphere† (Ferris Stein 13). By doing this, we can seek radically different ways to experience life and look at our reality differently then we ever thought possible. It forces us to see how we created our values, morals, beliefs, and at some point we may need to reevaluate why we had them to begin with. Thinking with a sociological imagination makes us see the errors of our thinking and how we can change that. Macrosociology looks at how society and its social structure determine individual’s lives and sometimes even beliefs and opinions. I believe that I view myself differently because of how society told me I must be. It is instilled in us to be successful and I push my own limits in order to achieve that and my thoughts constantly revolve around how successful I can be and the consequences if I am not (Jenkins. My â€Å"Me and Society† Journal. 10/05/12). Society tends to set up rules or general guidelines for how everyone should live their lives and how to act socially. When a person departs from the â€Å"norm† in any way they are considered deviant and when the violations of rules have been written into law they are considered crimes (Dreiling. 10/23/2012. Lecture). How deviance is perceived may be different depending on who is explaining it. Psychologists state that personality characteristics within the individual that drive them to stray from the norm  while sociologists believe that social relations outside the individual are the cause (Dreiling. 10/23/2012. Lecture). There are many things, however, that are not only considered an act of deviance but consequences or benefits from being deviant. There are two general divisions of deviant violations: folkways and mores. Violation of folkways are more common, frowned upon issues such as jaywalking or poor manners whereas violations of mores are illegal incidences such as murder or rape. When these act of deviances occur, there are those who bind groups together and this can reinforce the person to continue these acts. Majority of the people, however, disapprove of these acts and they are called a negative sanction (Dreiling. 10/23/2012. Lecture). They tend to look down upon the acts, gossip, and with the more serious violations, imprison individuals and receive capital punishment. While the United States uses capital punishment and imprisonment as punishment for deviance, other countries don’t have these resources if they even desired to use it. Therefore, there are other techniques they use such as the Amish who shun those who violate the strict norms of the group because guilt of immorality is the ultimate punishment. They believe that those in the religious community cannot associate with lawbreakers even if they are family members and while the shunning is temporary, it has an impact an prevents deviant behavior (Ferris Stein 154). In the 20th Century, Robert Merton created the Structural Strain Theory that provides a connection between functionalist and conflict theories (Ferris Stein). It states that there are goals within society that people strive to achieve, however, they are unable to reach these goals and this creates a stress when people realize they cannot achieve them (Dreiling. 10/25/2012. Lecture). Stanley Milgram states that obedience is deeply ingrained into our behavioral tendencies and impulse overriding ethics and moral conducts (Dreiling. 10/25/2012. Lecture). Rebels are people that reject the cultural definitions of success and therefore are not obedient to the social norm to be successful making them deviant. Since they â€Å"rebel† to the social norm it advocates radical alternatives to the social order that  society lives in today (Ferris Stein 158). Kerckhoff and Back stated that â€Å"the belief in a tangible threat makes it possible to explain and justify one’s sense of discomfort† and this is why imprisonment and capital punishment is created (Dreiling. 10/25/2012. Lecture). Between the years of 1980 and 2006, the amount of incarcerated Americans went up nearly five times accumulating over two million prisoners. With less the 5% of the world’s population, we have created social acts that should be punishable by prison and have 23.4% of the world’s prisoners (Dreiling. 10/25/2012. Lecture). Sociologists and other groups have studied so in depth to crime and punishment that there are many subcategories within society that reasons with why people are incarcerated such as gender, race, age, and class as well as specified crime groups for violent, property, and white collar crimes (Ferris Stein 172, 173). Sociological imagination forces us to look at how we are asked to act and society and how we actually act. Most of the things we do in our daily lives we may think is by choice, however, it is how society wants us to live. Anytime individual’s challenge or stray from the norm of how society thinks we must function, there are consequences that are sometimes so severe that they drastically change our societies views, morals, and attitudes. By expanding our thinking about deviance we can really look at why we do not accept certain things that people do such as body modification even though it is not harming us. It also gives people the opportunity to look at how we react and punish those who are deviant and decide whether we have been acting appropriately with punishments such as capital punishment. By doing this we are given the chance to look at what we truly believe, whether it is because of macrosociology or microsociology, and make strides to change things. With sociological perspective, we are being asked to question how we do things and why. Then we are being asked not if we can change it but how. What I think should be another question is if we want to change it. We can abandon or reevaluate our opinions, beliefs, morals, and attitudes but at  the end of the day we need to look at our society and decide if the course of action is effective and if we, as individuals and a whole, feel comfortable with the standards we set on each other and ourselves. I believe that there must be a sense of right and wrong and punishment and rewards in order to have a balance in society. That is why we have deviance and crime within our society and there is nothing wrong with having a balance in our world. Bibliography 1. Ferris, Kerry, and Jill Stein. The real world: an introduction to sociology. 2nd ed. New York: W.W. Norton Co., 2010. Print. 2. Katherine Jenkins. October 05, 2012. â€Å"I-Me-Society Journal 1†. 3. Dreiling, Michael. October 23, 2012. Lecture. 4. Dreiling, Michael. October 25, 2012. Lecture.

Factors and contributors Essay Example for Free

Factors and contributors Essay People usually love to go by the shorelines, as these have been identified as the home of a variety of fish and other aquatic creatures (Department of Fisheries and Oceans-Canada, 2008). Many of the fish breed their young, and seek shelter and protection from predators (DFO, 2008). Hence the efforts of shoreline stabilization must be conducted to counter the effects of shoreline erosion (DFO, 2008). Shoreline erosion have varied causes, from natural causes such as wind driven wave action, a dearth in vegetation, ice and water (Marine Information Portal). Man- made factors contributing to shoreline erosion would include n of forests and vegetation and wash, or waves generated from passing boats (Portal). Most shorelines that have been affected by erosion usually undergo shoreline erosion will undergo some stabilization procedures to prevent it from being a threat to development on the waterfront (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Adminstration, 2007). Among the measures that are placed on a permanent basis are divided into several types. â€Å"Soft† or â€Å"non-structural† procedures bank on planting of plants and the use of sand fills, while â€Å"hybrid† techniques are deemed as effective stabilization modes to the conventional hard structures such as bulk heads or â€Å"rip rap† structures (NOAA, 2007). Shoreline erosion does not only affect marine life, destroying their natural habitat, turbidity of the water , and algae growth, shoreline erosion contributes to land loss and lowering of property values (Marine Info). But many factors go into determing the impact of shoreline erosion on the waterway (Marine Info). Factors such as the size of the watercraft, how far it is from the shoreline, and the speed when it passed the waterway, influence the degree of erosion on the particular waterway (Marine Info). Urban development has also taken its toll on the shoreline (Department of Boating and Waterways, 2002). In California, the erosion being experienced in North County in San Diego has been attributed to the rapid development pace of urbanization of the watershed area and the competing interests in society (Terra Costa Consulting Group, 2005). The effects of human interference in the natural ecosystem began with the damming the rivers for flood prevention, and creating recreational water facilities (DBW, 2002). These construction activities reduced the sand that would normally reach the coast, and that, along side with obstruction of sand development because of harbor construction activities, contribute to shoreline erosion (DBW, 2002). References Department of Boating and Waterways. (2002).California beach setting. Retrieved September 12, 2008, from http://www. dbw. ca. gov/PDF/Reports/BeachReport/Ch2_Setting. pdf. Department of Fisheries and Oceans-Canada. (2008). Fish habitat shoreline stabilization. Retrieved September 12, 2008, from http://www. dfo-mpo. gc. ca/regions/CENTRAL/pub/fact-fait-on/c4_e. htm Marine Information Portal. (n. d. ). Shoreline erosion caused by boat wake. Retrieved September 12, 2008, from http://www. marinfo. gc. ca/Doc/Erosion/Erosion_des_berges_En. pdf. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. (2007). Alternative shoreline stabilization methods. Retrieved September 12, 2008, from http://coastalmanagement. noaa. gov/initiatives/shoreline_stabilization. html Terra Costa Consulting Group. (2005). Appendix d: sediment/ erosion analysis. Retrieved September 12, 2008, from http://www. ci. solana-beach. ca. us/uploads/Appendix%20D%20Sediment-Erosion %20Analysis. pdf.

CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY IN INDIA CONSTRUCTION SECTOR †OVERVIEW

CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY IN INDIA CONSTRUCTION SECTOR – OVERVIEW The development in  Indian construction industry  feature is almost equal to the construction industry development in other countries. It is founded by the government and gradually it was taken over by the enterprises. After self-government requirement for industrial and infrastructural developments in India, they established the stone of construction, architectural and engineering services. The stage from 1950 to mid 60s witness the government in concert an energetic role in the expansion of these forces and most of construction performance during this period were carried out by state owned enterprises  and supported by government departments. The Indian construction industry is an essential part of the economy and a direct for a considerable part of its development involvement and is positioned for growth on account of urbanization, industrialization and profitable expansion and peoples rising potential for better quality of living (Indo Italian Chamber of Commerce and Industry, 2008). IMPORTANCE OF CONSTRUCTION: Construction is an important part of any countrys infrastructure and industrial growth. Construction industry, by means of its diffident and forward linkage with various additional industries like cement, steel bricks catalyses service generation in the country (Indian Construction Industry, 2008). Construction can be classified into 3 segments such as 1) Infrastructure 2) Industrial 3) Real Estate FINANCIAL BACKGROUND OF CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY: In India, construction is the second main economic activity after agriculture. Construction financial records for nearly 65 % of the total investment in infrastructure and is probable to be the main recipient of the surge in infrastructure venture over the next five years. Investment in construction accounts for nearly 11 per cent of Indias Gross Domestic Product (GDP). à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬239.68 billion is likely to be invested in the infrastructure sector over the next five to ten years in power, roads, bridges, city infrastructure, ports, airports, telecommunications, which would provide a huge enhancement to the construction industry as a whole. Investment for residential, non residential and civil engineering construction as follows in given table: invst in conc indus Table 1.1 Investment in Construction Industry (Swarup and Mahajan, 2001) Investment into this division could go up to à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬93.36 billion by FY2010. With such confident prospects in communications, associated industries. For the first time cement is one of the consumptive associated industries is set to exceed the 150-million tone mark. Considering the demand for the commodity, capacity utilization rose to over 100 per cent to touch 102 per cent in January 2007 with dispatches touching 14.10 million tones as against the production of 14 million tones. As opportunity in the sector continues to come to the forefront, foreign direct investment has been moving upwards. The real estate and construction sectors conventional FDI of à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬216.53 million in the first half of the current fiscal year (Swarup and Mahajan, 2001). DIFFERENT TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRIES IN INDIA: This industrial construction includes the building, renovating, preservation, repair, and destruction of industrial buildings such as (Compliance Information Portal, 2008): crematoriums chemical plants medical waste disposal primary manufacturing oil and gas facilities pulp and paper mills golf courses INDUSTRY SEGMENTS: REAL ESTATE Residential, it covers housing and Development Industrial, it includes Industrial Parks, Factories, Plants Corporate, it includes Office and research Centers Commercial includes retail, shopping malls, Showrooms ,Hotels INFRASTRUCTURE: Indias blooming communications sector is fuelling demand for all kinds of construction equipment. Earlier than the opportunity of the Indian economy, and the entry of worldwide majors, a great deal of infrastructure development and construction in the real estate sector was done manually. But with the infrastructure and construction sectors undergo spectacular changes with 60-storeyed sky-scrapers being built in cities like Mumbai, and thousands of kilometers of expressway and highways being laid across the subcontinent for builders and contractors are acquiring complicated equipment to execute the multi-million-dollar projects. For the construction equipment division, which has adapted rapidly to the distorted situation, this is really good news, as it pave the way for an exciting future. Roads Railways Urban infrastructure (improved housing, water supply and sanitation, schools, universities, health and security, etc.) Ports Airports Power CONSTUCTION INDUSTRY FOR ROAD AND RAIL NETWORK: Mainly countrys economic growth and trade are based on transport.No production can take place unless and until such as raw materials, labor, and fuel can be moved to and from different locations. Without roads, rail, water, and air transport, manufactured products cannot be delivered to consumers. Mainly road transport because it is very cheaper in all of these transport (World Bank Group, 2010). IMPORTANCE OF ROAD TRANSPORT IN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY: India is the second largest road network in the world for road of 3.3 m km. Almost one billion people living in rural areas in rising countries do not have right to use to reliable roads. These roads are important to ensure that farmers get agricultural inputs in time and can get their harvested products to market with minimal cost, disruption, and loss. After 35 years the global population will grow to 2.5 billion. India is a developing country. So most of this expansion will be in urban areas. The number of cities more than one million population will reach to 358 by 2015. This development, coupled with ongoing globalization and trade liberalization, will increase exact for the transport of people and goods (World Bank Group, 2010). The World Bank has delivered $36 billion in lending for the transport sector since 2000. In 2009, lending reached a peak of $6.5 billion, amounting to over 13 percent of the World Banks commitments for the year. The volume of lending anticipated for 2010 is strong and this growth in investment is expected to continue in subsequent years. TRENDS AND ISSUES:   Facilitate for economic growth and regional integration through national and international trade. And make the cities with better work for citizens not only for environment and also it develops economy growth. Change economic opportunity and growth in rural areas. Make available admission to health and education facilities. FEATURES OF CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY: In this industry mainly we face difficulties with temporary structures and these are compounded by the detail structure that compared to most other industries, the construction industry is single in many ways, as follows It is a large but diverse and split industry Every job is exclusive with numerous and Complex tasks It is labour concentrated work involving many materials and heavy loads The work force is transient which is difficult to train, when mainly if there are more labours. typical temp structures Fig 1.1 Typical Temporary Structures (Krishnamurthy, 2010) IMPORTANCE OF SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY: Due to the following concerns, Safety is very important aspect in all types of industry Humanitarian concerns. Economic concerns. Professional, institutional, and social concerns. Legal and regulatory concerns. CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY MOVING TOWARDS CONSOLIDATION This industry is shifting towards a stage where large companies are well clear. LT,Lapee etc are the big companies undertaken the major engineering and construction projects like power plants, construction of dams etc. this leads for huge demand between so many limited companies (Scribd, 2008). The cost of real estate in the urban India is very important which will need companies to have more resources so as to require new lands and develop them. The big companies can live and will be few in numbers with well clear territories of procedure. The demand in metro cities is completely inelastic with certain well distinct competition will make huge boom for operating companies. The industry is affecting towards consolidation the increase urbanization which leads the local players also have a great chance to serve the huge demands of people. CHANGE MANAGEMENT: Change management is something relates to a process of controlling the changes that happens to the infrastructure or any kind of services, in a controlled way, facilitating changes with minimum distraction (Office of the City Auditor, 2010). Change is unavoidable and has become routine in life. Planning, applying and managing change in a dynamic environment is most common situation in which present organizations work. Change generally engrosses three features as represented diagrammatically below (JISC Infonet, 2009). Change management has become a complex problem for most public sector organizations which are going to be affected by the daily ongoing changes due to the new requirements almost every day. Change needs managers to take right strategic decisions without which may lead to consume more time, money and reliability of the involved stakeholders (Capacity Building Programme, 2007). The change management system should make out all the variations from the specifications and drawings of the contract and should also present a method for the technical support and project approval. The recommended change should be implemented in a proper manner as excessive change may result in more cost and difficulty (The Construction Users Roundtable, 2004). Kotter recommended an 8 step process where organizations can avoid failure and become expert at change (Kotter International, 2010). Performing by necessity Developing the Directing alliance Establishing a change vision Conversing the Vision Buy-in Allowing Broad based action Creating short term wins Not to give up Formulate Change stick CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW The literature review will commence by explaining how the construction industry in India has undergone changes in the recent past and how it managed change. According to Paton et al. (2008) The management of change is a complex, dynamic and challenging process rather than a set of recipes and is never a choice between technological, organizational or people-oriented solutions, but involves combinations for best fit; integrated strategies designed to produce results. This chapter will also highlights the concepts of change management, different approaches and technologies that aid change processes in any organisation. Change has to be managed in any organisation and managers play a major role in change management as the most observed barrier to successful organisation is the lack of change management. Hiatt and Creasey (2003) quoted the importance of managing change in a broader sense as: Things did not go exactly as planned and the unexpected happened, so managing the people side of change impacted their success and introduced risk into their projects. 2.1 TYPOLOGIES OF CHANGE: According to Luecke (2003), organisations generally face the challenges from new competitors, new technologies, and new markets for higher performance to come up with the obstacles and improve business performance. The changes fall into the following types. Structural Change: During this type of change, senior management tries to rearrange the functional parts to attain better performance. Cost Cutting: These mainly focus on the eradication of unimportant activities for compressing operations costs. Process Change: These focus on changing how things can be done in a different way to make the process effective, faster and more reliable. Cultural Change: These focus mainly on the relationship between employees and the senior management. 2.1.2 CHANGE MANAGEMENT: Baca (2005) viewed that, change is unavoidable and change may either seen as a good or a bad sign for any project. According to him, change management can be defined as the proactive identification and management of modifications to your project. Managing change engages managing four difficult tasks which of these have to be completed efficiently to accomplish successful output and the four tasks are welcoming change, organizing support, performing change and constructing change potential (Nilakant and Ramnarayan, 2006). Fig: Change Management Model (Adapted from Nilakant and Ramnarayan, 2006) 2.1.3 APPROACHES TO CHANGE MANAGEMENT: Relationship maintenance strategies are significant in terms of the strategies followed    in change management and relationship outcomes pertain to the result of the strategies. In organisation change management there are two types of approaches (Stroh, 2004). 1) Planned approach:         It is a  first approach which represents a variety of models descending from the practice of organisation. The main characteristics of this approach is that it places emphasis on process and deals with change over a significant period of time and follows holistic approach and it encourages  participations. 2) Emergent approach:    It is  second approach in the change management which recognises that highly dynamic environments demand more contingent methods that are more situational and where change strategies can be modified to achieve maximum fit with the ever changing environment. With this approach organisation can rely less on complete plans and  projections and build up instead an understanding of the complexities and the issues concerned. 2.2 ORGANISATIONAL STRATEGY AND ORGANISATIONAL CULTURE: While managing a strategic change, there is too much dependency on the individuals at higher level in the organisation and the change agent may be a middle manager or a consultant who works along with the managers within an organisation (Johnson et al, 2008). According to Stranks(2005), change management has to take place in an organisation with a need to eradicate the stress caused at work because of change by maintaining effective communication of what is happening and this change should be well organised on a stage basis. Organisational culture seems to be more important while managing change. A cultural outlook on organisations offers insight into change barriers and how to overcome these barriers (Balogun and Hailey, 2004). 2.3 LITERATURE ON CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY: Indo Italian chamber of commerce and industry (2008) clearly gave an overview of construction industry in India. It clearly explained that construction industry is an integral part of the economy and a conduit for a significant part of its growth investment and it is poised for growth on report of industrialization  economic development and rising people expectations for improved quality of living. This paper emphasizes on the financial criteria in Indian construction industry. This report told that construction is the second largest economic activity after the agriculture. This paper explains about what industry segments are and how many types of industrial  segment are there. It also gave a clear idea of how about in all round development of Indian economy. Finally this paper concluded that Indias booming infrastructure sector is fuelling demand for all types of construction equipment before booming the infrastructure development and construction equipments in real estate  se ctor done manually. Swarup (2007) mainly gave a brief description about the overview of practices being used in Indian construction industry and he also gave an idea about political, legal and social frame work and also explains the economic overview of administrative and regulatory features improvement and development of Indian construction industry. He also told about the globalization of construction services with outlook of WTO and GATS. And he also notified the opportunity and activity in the construction areas where he relied on the usage of PPP models, type and extend use of international standard forms of contracts and its administration and certifications process. Generally, in this paper, he clearly  explained about Indian economic surroundings and several systems and procedures and also focused on further boost in construction industry which would provide the basic infrastructure for the nation as well for different industries. Manjrekar et al (n.d.) explained that in India, there are large numbers of buildings which are more than 40 to 50 years and which need to be renewed.   They also explained about the old and new structures in constructions. They mainly focused on the constructions of old and new building and what are the rules applicable for that. They also told that construction  chemicals have been used in large number of construction projects. They told that new construction projects market is also usual to enlarge the demand for construction chemicals. Within next few years, the construction market is expected to grow more than 30 percent. In most large scale construction, there is variety of construction  chemicals that will be used for designing. This paper also focused on the key issues and challenges this fledging industry faces and it also told about the desk research and field research. They explained about the construction industry turnover and rate of growth in construction industry from year 2002 to 2007. They emphasized on the outlook and potential of the Indian construction industry and also gave a light on the expenditure in construction structure and about different types of policies. They mainly focused on 2 main players in the market. They are Pidilite industries and Choksey chemicals and the growth strategies of these players have been evaluated.   It mainly compares the  development strategies engaged by these Indian firms in the current scenario and environment of operation. It also focused on analysis of the theoretical propositions in Indian context. Siddique (n.d.) gave a detailed description about Indian cement industry and utilization of fly ash and construction waste in construction related activities. He also told that if there is development in materials, it will affect the design and construction of facilities. These facilities are very important for the significant growth of any  nation. He also discussed about the topics like issues facing the technology of concrete materials, maintenance of construction facilities, quality, assurance, production, design. Finally, in this paper, he concluded that developments take place in construction industry India as well as potential advances anticipated in the next 10 years for the  concrete construction industry through substantial use of supplementary cement materials. Love et al (2000) presented a study on Total Quality Management (TQM) which is a means to any learning organisation. They felt that for the improvement of performance in construction industry there requires a cultural and behavioural transfer in the attitudes of the expert, academic and specialized organizations. They provided a theoretical model for any learning construction organisation. They notified that several organisations are looking for alternative means of supporting and allowing a learning society inside their organisations which allows the employees to make decisions and implement required changes. If construction organisations want to become learning organisation, then they should need to implement a change in culture and behaviour. They proposed a few number of dimensions that are to be taken into consideration for describing learning organisation as: a relation with the changed results and behaviour, difference between organisational and individual learning, identifica tion of the environment, deutro learning and double loop learning. Sattineni (2008) presented the recent changes in telecommunications sector for off-shoring structural design work in developing countries like India and china. He also mentioned in the paper that economic outsource is a key reason for this possibility to be realized and it is reasonable to be considered regarding the effects of outstanding in the design sector and its effect on the construction industry. He mainly explained about United States construction industry. The author conducted detailed interviews with principals in US structural design and then he travelled to Bangalore for a detailed interview with Indian counter parts. These results lead to the development of outsourcing  construction activities. He also discussed about the topics such as training, economics   and logistics and this document also identified three outsourcing models for   constructions companies namely Joint Ventura outsourcing, individual project outsourcing and global delivery off sourcing. Aouad et al (n.d.) explained about process map in construction sector where they told that construction industry has witnessed severe efforts in the last few years through the consideration of the implementation of new procurement systems and manufacturing philosophies. On the other hand, process maps which can help organisations  map their processes into some important structure are still missing. The product (building) is still the majorly focused one in construction. In the developed industry, most large organisations have process maps which can help them in ensuring the delivery of  products on time, within budget and to the right quality while capturing the best process practices. They also told that in construction industry, there are some labours to plan process maps such as the RIBA plan of work in the UK. This paper delivered that the process map based on principles is used in the developed  industry. Information was elicited from experts through a series of workshops and case studies. The results of few of these case studies, which have been used to assess the realism of implementing this process map on real life projects, are presented. Finally, they told that IT which needs to maintain and enable the effective implementation of the process map is clearly  explained and also demonstrated the process and manufacturing of construction process. Finally they focused on more holistic picture of design and construction procedure that can be known through the organisation of process and it capabilities. They also spoke about the usage of case studies for testing the practical implementation and also also  told about the problems occur during the implementation phase. Bandhyopadhyay et al (2008) focused on the stems partly from GOIs distress concerning the capacity of the road construction industry to deliver, and partly from the Banks growing need to recognize the impact of the expanded road investments on the industrys capacity in South Asia. The study attempts to  outline the entire gamut of problems and capacity constraints faced by Indias construction industry. It comes out with previous studies information and industry-wide stakeholder surveys and workshops and speaks about government initiatives and road development program. This paper suggested and felt that there is a huge gap between supply and demand for  improved roads. The domestic construction industry is not geared up to expectations demand. There is a need to bring new players into the field, both domestic and foreigner and they also suggested that  present contract procedures and requirements need major modifications as they do not encourage incorporation of scientific, labour and major innovations .They also provided key issues and strategies of the road construction industry in the past and future. HIS global insight (2009) gave an information and detailed description about the recent progress and future trends in the key sector of infrastructure which leads to prevent various opportunities for private sector. It also told about some of the key facts about countrys overall economic environment as well as legal and tax  systems. This paper gave some important information about Indian construction industry.   It clearly explained about how many other countries were spending on Indian construction and how much amount there are spending for non residential and residential construction in India.    This paper also told that Indian companies have very limited contact with large  markets such as Japan, United States and West Europe countries. This paper told one fact that Indian construction industry is highly uneven and this happened as there are no long term relations between contractors and clients in most of the projects. 2.4 LITERATURE ON CHANGE MANAGEMENT: Woodward (1997) provided the importance of project management and also the main features of this approach. They delivered some methods that are applicable to change management in any industry. They concerned mainly on the applications in construction industry and they also highlighted the techniques that are appropriate to practically all other businesses where a change has to be executed and managed. They covered all the issues by including distinctive examples that would consist of: the instigation of a new product, penetrating into new market, installing a new production line, putting into practice a new business policy, starting a new branch office, setting up a modified accounting system, systematizing a sports or charitable trust occasion, recruiting and instructing staff for a new enterprise, the creation of a new product and the testing of it, a company surrender or reorganizing and setting up and initiating new legislation. Office of the Deputy Prime Minister (2005) provided a report on the Local Government Pay and Workforce Strategy which mainly focused on the transforming of the authority to produce real and longing change. In order to adopt this change, Englands Local government should have imaginative leadership, organisational elasticity and resources facility to offer better services, higher efficiency and best customer focus. Organisations try to change the approach from organisational development to the change management, applying a strategy that effectively deal with development of skills and leadership, applying reviews of local pay having the same opinion of a salary form that bear improvement of service. Beer et al (1990) focused on the efficient corporate regeneration that initiates at the bottom through casual efforts to resolve business problems. They observed a situation where the change has to be incorporated to meet the challenges to which the banks conventional hierarchical organisati ons were ill-outfitted to act in response. There has to be extra care taken about who should direct the change attempt, what required changing, and how to go about implementing the change. Most of the companies are facing challenges with the changing marketplace and raised competition to develop their authority, recover market share and guarantee their endurance. Changes in approaches direct the changes in the individual attitude which results in the organisational changes. The most common problem with the most change programs is that they tackle only one or two of these three factors: coordination, commitment and competencies. They provided six steps to the efficient change: Organize assurance to change through joint verdict of business issues, establish a distributed vision of how to systematize and manage for competition, promote agreement for the new vision, ability to perform it, and consistency to move it alongside, broaden regeneration to all the departments, establishment of revitalization through formal structures, policies and systems and observe and regulate strategies responding to the problems in the regeneration process. They gave priority to the top managers in making the change in the entire organisation by generating a market to change, utilizing successfully regenerated units as the organisational replicas for the entire organisation and establishing career paths that support the development of leadership. They laid emphasis on the particularity of the mind set for change management which is difficult to be maintained in an atmosphere that pushes down for periodical earnings. 2.5 LITERATURE ON CHANGE MANAGEMENT IN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY: Walker (2007) relied on a fact that management of construction projects seems to be a continuing challenge as the environment around which the projects are built increases in complication. He focuses mainly on the project management theory. Most of the construction projects are planned and designed in agreement with the previously developed process. But the project team must also consider the fact that changes might be incorporated in the middle of the project according to clients requirements and the change has to be managed. There should be a minimum knowledge in understanding the environment of client as flexibility needs to be maintained when there is a need to incorporate changes in the project. He clearly mentioned that this can be achieved only through the maintenance of up to date information about the clients requirements. Advancement in technology for any particular process can be taken as an example for this. He also stated that project team members should be aware of the changes that can be made and should be ready to explain them to the client consequently. Oracle (2009) mainly highlighted the best practices of identifying and managing the changes that may occur in any construction project and also provided a process to effectively manage changes in construction projects. It clearly  explained about the different types of project changes in construction sector such as directed changes, constructive changes, cardinal changes. It also explained in detail about the change management process and also explained that they are few steps to be followed in construction sector such as recognizing the contract requirements, identifying the  possible change and creating a potential change order file and determining privilege, measuring the effect of the change, and analysing the cost of the change, negotiating and executing the change order, maintaining complete records of the executed change. Like this, it gave an explanation for each and every step. It also explained different  methods for resolving change related construction disputes to avoid costly arbitration and mainly focused on the dispute resolution boards (DRBs) which are nonaligned authority consisting of three members as one preferred method. Choosing the board members can be performed in a number of ways; however, it is critical that the individuals are neutral and both the owner and the contractor  view each board member as individual balanced. Naturally, DRBs are empanelled at the project level and management of the DRB process is governed by the projects contract. Other dispute resolution procedures could escalate the dispute from the project level to a higher governmental level between the owners organization and the contractors organization,  before proceeding to an arbitration panel.   The terms used and contract documents referenced in this paper are geared towards usual design-bid-build public development projects, even though the basic principles are applicable to almost any construction project. It must be well-known that any change management procedure is only as effective as the participants ability to  communicate and